ABSTRACT
In this chapter, the emergence of intelligence in relation to AI is discussed. First, the ``iterated prisoner’s dilemma’’ (IPD) is explained, in which the prisoner’s dilemma is repeated a number of times with the same participants, and a final score is obtained as the sum of the scores in all iterations. IPD has been extended in various ways and has been actively used in the fields of AI, AL and evolutionary economics. The recent researches in relation to quantum computing and evolutionary cognitive psychology are also discussed, and an interesting example of swarm intelligence based on DLA, i.e., slime intelligence, is provided. Physarum polycephalum is a single-celled organism and multiplies to form a bright yellow mass (i.e., slime) in a group. The group has no brain or nervous system, but it shows spatial intelligence in solving a maze task and finding a minimum spanning tree. Thereafter, the way in which swarm intelligence is utilized for evolutionary robots is explained. For instance, it is demonstrated that a group of swarm robots collaborate with each other to push a large object to a distant goal.
