ABSTRACT
This chapter begins with a discussion of the implications of life and health extension on the individual and society. It discusses the state of science on the modulation of aging and longevity. The chapter focuses on biological aging, the only two interventions that are scientifically established to modulate the rate of aging or longevity: reducing caloric intake and maintaining physical activity throughout life. It also discusses why aging cannot be modulated; looks at what types of research might be needed to better understand the biological basis of aging. The chapter explores the use of calorie restriction as a method to modulate longevity and the possible effectiveness of the dietary intervention in extending life span and improving health in humans. It deals with some speculation on a general theory explaining why an intervention such as exercise may slow the rate of aging. The increase in life span during the twentieth century was the result of modulating age-related disease, not aging.
