ABSTRACT
X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis is applicable to all the elements except hydrogen in solids, liquids, and gases. Since the experiment is easier to perform on solids in the form of powder or plates, preference is usually given to low-volatility samples, while high-volatility substances are frozen. The ejected electrons pass through the slit into a high-resolution electron spectrometer, which measures their kinetic energy. A focused monochromatic electron beam is received by the electron detector. An idea of the basic elements of the apparatus and conditions under which spectra are obtained is necessary to understand the method and its potentialities. Since the progress of electron beams in the spectrometer depends on magnetic fields and since it is necessary to ensure that electron trajectories depend only on the field of the monochromator, the geomagnetic field near the mdnochromator must be reduced virtually to zero.
