ABSTRACT
Steel has been used as a structural material for the construction of buildings, bridges, towers, and other structures since the late 19th century. It exhibits desirable physical properties that make it one of the most versatile structural materials in use. Steel is essentially a non-combustible material; however when it is heated to a high temperature of about 500°C, its strength and stiffness are tremendously reduced. Plastic analysis is defined as the analysis based on the ultimate load the structure will have to carry unlike the conventional elastic analysis in which the maximum strength is assumed to be the load at which the structure first attains its yield point stress. A steel rigid frame attains its ultimate strength through the formation of “plastic hinges.” Steel sections are usually manufactured to certain standard lengths, as they are governed by rolling, transportation, and handling restrictions. Rivet is a round rod which holds two metal pieces made of mild steel bars together permanently.
