ABSTRACT
Surveying is the methodology used to determine exactly the relative position of points above or below the surface of the earth using direct or indirect distance, direction, and elevation measurements. It also includes points determination with predetermined angular and linear measurements. The main purpose of the survey is to prepare a map showing the relative positions of the objects on the earth’s surface. The map is drawn to some appropriate scale. It shows a country’s natural characteristics such as villages, towns, rivers, roads, railways, etc. Maps might also include particulars of various engineering works, such as roads, railways, canals of irrigation, and so on. The area that is surveyed is vast, and therefore, plans are made to some scale. Scale is the fixed ratio that each distance on the plane has a corresponding ground distance. The four major types of scales that are used for measurements for different tasks are plain scale, diagonal scale, Vernier scale, chord scale.
