ABSTRACT
In 1924, Bose and Einstein independently arrived at a theoretical prediction that a novel state of matter would become feasible to create by cooling an assembly of atoms to zero absolute temperature, without any restriction on the particle density. The ensuing single configuration of the formed Bose–Einstein condensate a (BEC) with the lowest conceivable energy could host any number of atoms, which are then said to obey the Bose–Einstein statistics of particles with the integer values of spin. The interactions among excitons might appear as being sufficiently weak to qualify for a quasi-ideal quantum gas but they are poorly understood from the theoretical viewpoint and this prevents an unambiguous interpretation of the BEC experimental data. Surely, the BEC was observed much earlier while studying superfluidity in helium and superconductivity in metals. One could then envisage the insertion of an magneto-optical trap into a storage ring with the purpose of investigating scatterings of ultra-cold BECs with circulating cold ions.
