ABSTRACT
The degree of pain depends on the level of preexisting dental disease and location and number of teeth extracted. Patients may react to a loss of sensation to the lips or tongue by chewing which can result in self-mutilation. The probability of self-mutilation may be greater when bilateral blocks desensitize an entire region of the mouth. The intensity of pain expressed by any particular patient is a function of surgical technique and the animal's pain tolerance. Regional nerve blocks are not typically performed for routine abdominal surgery. The level of pain experienced by any particular patient is a function of surgical technique and the animal's pain tolerance. Analgesics should not be withheld because the practitioner believes the level of pain displayed by the patient is less than expected. Infiltration of. the spermatic cord before ligation and transection may decrease the sympathetic nervous system response and pain associated with ligature application while reducing anesthetic requirements.
