ABSTRACT
For the foreseeable future, grazing will continue to be the main and most economical method by which grassland forage is converted to animal products. Grazing is characterized by the animal factors of defoliation, excretal return (nutrient recycling), and trampling (treading). These factors, both separately and interdependently, affect the growth, development and botanical composition of swards, with grass and forage legume components differing in their reactions.
