ABSTRACT
Economic factors and spatial concerns are another step in developing the comprehensive concepts needed for beneficial applications. For successful silviculture, the importance of economic evaluation is undeniable. For monocultures, a monetary measure is one means to compare systems. As with other commercial enterprises, silviculture is evaluated using economic criteria and any number of measures are possible. The land equivalent ratio (LER) is a very useful measure of non-economic complementarity. Ratios are unique to agroecological economics and this carries into silvicultural agroecology. In devising the best silviculture ecosystem, two economic directions are possible: to increase the inputs to obtain greater output or lessen inputs and reduce outputs. Complementarity, as measured through LER, is a key standard on how well species cohabit an area and on how plant pairings can be exploited. The chapter discusses spatial patterns and arrangements can confer non-competitive behavior and an optimized wood-producing stand.
