ABSTRACT
Going beyond the agrobionomic principles, species and ecosystem governance, and the spatial and temporal theories, a host of other concepts underpin and advance silviculture. These are yet another step in the transition from pure theory to useful field practice. The breakdown of an agroecosystem into primary and secondary species is a trait of agroecology. Some non-woody products can be obtained without impinging upon primary and secondary species or affecting an ecosystem in any major way. Positive ecological attributes means that, in native ecosystems, the in-situ ecological attributes bring a species into ecological harmony with other, co-evolved plants, i.e., indigenous species presents fewer dangers to established ecosystems than do introduced exotic species. Trees are grown in stands which, by definition, contain a single, more or less uniform agroecosystem with a set silvicultural treatment. Nature has other ideas and, in complex ecosystems, a species can be member of dominant, co-dominant, intermediate or suppressed class.
