ABSTRACT
The nucleation process is the initiating step of ice crystal-
lization. Typically, a few hundred water molecules align
into an organized and stable ice nucleus (ice-like cluster).
Nucleation is governed by three different mechanisms:
homogeneous, heterogeneous, and secondary nucleation.
In homogeneous nucleation, an ice nucleus spontaneously
forms without any facilitation. In heterogeneous nuclea-
tion, a foreign particle or container surface catalyzes the
formation of nuclei-in secondary nucleation, a small ice
crystal acts as a seed. Once the ice nucleus is formed, it can
serve as an ice-anchoring base for further growth during
the propagation process.
