ABSTRACT
In Chapter 1, we pointed out that in plasmas the electron flux well exceeds the ion flux. We will use this property in this chapter. Let us consider a scenario in which an uncharged spacecraft is in a space environment of low electron and ion energies. The ambient electrons and ions are not mono-energetic, and they form distributions. Suppose the electron temperature increases gradually. Eventually, spacecraft charging onset occurs. A physical and mathematical explanation of this process will be discussed as follows.
