ABSTRACT
The limitation that was found was from the second law of thermodynamics in the Clausius statement: “Heat cannot, of itself, pass from a lower temperature to a higher temperature.” The conditions for a steady state is that the temperatures in the system be independent of time, and as a consequence, the rate of heat transfer out of the system must equal the rate of heat transfer to the system. The formal categorization of heat transfer into separate and distinct mechanisms is a somewhat arbitrary but useful approach to complex technical problems. The foregoing development was based on observable events in a hypothetical experiment. The conduction of heat can also be visualized as occurring as the transfer of energy by more active molecules at a higher temperature colliding with less active molecules at a lower temperature. The analogy between the flow of heat and the flow of electricity is very useful in both visualizing and solving heat-transfer problems.
