ABSTRACT
The rise of rational medicine in Greece may be traced to the year 670 B.C. when the Psammatichus, King of Egypt, opened the land of the Nile to the inhabitants of the Mediterranean and European countries. Thus, the Pharaonic and Ptolemaic medicines were in cooperation in the Alexandria School of Sciences. By then, Egyptian medicine had gradually changed to quackery relying on deities. As the Islamic Empire extended from east Asia to Spain, the leaders were enthusiastic about translating the old knowledge. They hired translators from Syria, Persia, and Asia Minor, who translated all Greek medicine to Arabic or individually through Syriac. Medicine progressed rapidly. Hospitals, clinics, and sanatoria were opened in many places in the empire, especially, Mesopotamia, Egypt, Syria, North Africa, and Spain. There was significant contact between the Greek and Egyptian civilizations.
