ABSTRACT
The physician had to learn from his father or parents or a relative after finishing his general education. The physicians were in many different departments and of different grades, e.g. there were the practitioners, chief physicians, and a chief physician of the South or the North or both. The Egyptian physicians had to examine their patients very carefully and methodically and treat them ethically. In ancient Egypt, there were generalists and specialists; the former were at a lower level of education than the specialist. Extremity fractures were described and adequate splints were used until the fracture healed. Internists specialized in different fields such as gastroenterology, cardiovascular, rheumatology, sleep disorders, and psychiatry. There were surgical specialists in ancient Egypt similar to other specialties. Other independent specialties were ophthalmology; dermatology; dentistry; urology; breast specialists; gynecology; obstetrics; ear, nose, and throat specialist; pediatrics; and geriatrics.
