ABSTRACT
Manufacturing of materials has a central place in the overall landscape of materials science. Manufacturing does not only refer to as how one can process a material from the “molten” or “powder” state, but also encompasses all post-processing techniques to obtain materials with a desired shape or size or architecture, using machining techniques. For metallic materials, the liquid metal is first cast into a shape using a conventional casting route or in some cases by a continuous casting route. The cast products then are deformed using a set of manufacturing processes, including forging, rolling, extrusion, and wire drawing. Depending on the targeted microstructure and properties, a combination of heat-treatment temperature, time, and nature of cooling is employed. In contrast to metals, the manufacturing of ceramic or polymeric materials start from fine powders due to the difficulty in adapting the melting–solidification route together with the bulk deformation process.
