ABSTRACT
The last few decades have witnessed significant efforts by engineering scientists, to address research problems related to biological sciences without any formal training in biological sciences. Against this backdrop, this chapter describes the structural characteristics and important properties of the major elements of a biological system, that is, proteins, cells, bacteria, and tissue. The aggregates of macromolecules, when bound by a double-layer membrane, are known as organelles. In multicellular organisms, a self-organized array of similar types of cells with identical functionalities is known as tissue. DNA and RNA along with proteins and carbohydrates constitute the essential biological macromolecules for all known forms of life. It is important to mention how proteins are constantly synthesized inside a cell by a sequential process of transcription and translation.
