ABSTRACT
Flow in closed conduits is a very important part of the study of fluid mechanics—primarily because examples are commonplace. The chapter presents the basic design procedures for piping systems. It defines Laminar and turbulent flow regime. The Reynolds number at the point of transition between laminar and turbulent flows is called the critical Reynolds number. The chapter discusses friction factor and the relative roughness and illustrates their importance in pipe friction calculations. It also discusses the losses due to fittings. The chapter adopts the traditional approach and use the hydraulic diameter for closed-conduit flow modeling. A driving force is required to make fluid flow from one point to another in a closed conduit. Noncircular conduits can be found in many fluid-conveying systems. Another conventional circular conduit for conveying fluid is called tubing. The tube is inserted into a fitting and the two are soldered together—commonly called sweating.
