ABSTRACT
The main target of Human Immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is the CD4 lymphocyte population and lymphocytes are gradually lost during the latent phase. Loss of CD4 lymphocytes reduces both cell-mediated immunity and humoral immunity, leading to the development of infections and allowing more rapid replication of HIV. Two-thirds of Mother-to-child transmission occurs around delivery, but breastfeeding can double the transmission rate (from 15% to 30%), especially if maternal infection is acquired postnatally. Prophylaxis and treatment depend on the plasmodium type and the local pattern of drug resistance. Malaria is a notifiable disease in the United Kingdom. There are approximately 1500 cases (more than 1000 of which are Plasmodium falciparum) reported in the United Kingdom annually to the malaria reference laboratory. For penicillin allergy, co-trimoxazole can be used (with 5 mg/day folic acid if first trimester). Prophylaxis and treatment depend on the plasmodium type and the local pattern of drug resistance.
