ABSTRACT
This chapter describes known deficiencies of the Standard Model, including dark matter, dark energy and quantum gravity. It sketches some current directions of research trying to include them in a way compatible with the introductory quote. The American astronomer of Swiss origin Fritz Zwicky is often cited as the discoverer of dark matter. The Doppler effect causes the wavelength of light from a moving source to be shifted. Gravitational lensing, suspected to exist by Newton and by Einstein prior to the formulation of general relativity, is a formidable tool to measure the mass of large astronomical structures, even when this mass does not emit light. Dark matter particles are thus fenced in from all sides and it seems that their discovery is only a matter of time and energy. Observables for cosmic rays are their composition, charge and flux as a function of rigidity or energy, at or near Earth.
