Performance of Self-Compacting Geopolymer Concrete Using Spent Garnet as Sand Replacement

Rapid industrial growth has witnessed the ever-increasing utilization of sand from rivers for various construction purposes, which has led to the over-exploitation of riverbeds and disturbed the ecosystem. Numerous problems have emerged, including increases in riverbed depth, the lowering of water tables, increases in salinity, and the destruction of river embankments (Gourley, 2003). Recently, intensive research has proven that obtaining modified concrete by incorporating waste materials can lead to sustainable product development. Such concrete structures not only allow for greener and more environmentally sound construction but also protect against the excessive consumption of natural non-renewable fine aggregates (Temuujin, 2010).