ABSTRACT

This chapter presents 40 culminating problems covering all of the ladder concepts. These are applied to determining the material efficiency, environmental impact, safety-hazard impact, and energy efficiency of synthesis plans to various pharmaceuticals and industrially important commodity chemicals. The problems cover the following kinds of techniques: preparation of solutions, batch processes, microchannel technology, biofeedstocks, continuous flow microwave, scale-up versus scale-out, and synthesis plan analysis Biopolymers made from itaconic acid are possible substitutes for petrochemical based polymers made from acrylic acid or methacrylic acid. Vinyl chloride is a high volume industrial chemical that is primarily used to make polyvinyl chloride. Process water mass intensity is the mass difference between freshwater usage and recycled water usage per unit mass of product made. Sodium anthraquinone-2-sulfonate, which is called “silver salt” in the industry because of its appearance, can be recrystallized from water to produce a material which is almost chemically pure.