Introduction

Intermediate foundation describes a foundation geometry and response that falls between “shallow” and “deep” foundations. Shallow foundations are generally taken as having a length to diameter (or breadth). Arguably more significant, though, is how the foundation responds under applied loading. Load interaction (between different load components) is significant for intermediate foundations, and they behave as essentially rigid when laterally loaded – distinguishing the response from deep (piled) foundations; while failure mechanisms involve mobilisation of soil strength both deep and shallow – distinguishing the response from shallow foundations. The support foundation type includes use for hydrocarbons – platforms, subsea templates, manifolds, wellhead and pipeline supports, riser tower bases; and renewables – wind turbines, transformers and met masts.