ABSTRACT

The term, "Emerging Pollutants," here refers to such new classes of substances of wide range, and their classifications based on their usage, applications, and chemical properties. The extraction steps for most substances are similar to that applied in the general environmental analysis. The two most common techniques for aqueous samples are the liquid–liquid extraction (LLE) and the solid-phase extraction (SPE). The solvent extracts from LLE, SPE, liquid–liquid microextractions, or solid-phase microextractions are analyzed by gas or liquid chromatography interfaced to a suitable detector. The organophosphates or the phosphate esters can be analyzed by various instrumental techniques following their extractions from sample matrices. Nanomaterials have found broad applications in variety of industries and agriculture, such as, personal care products, food packaging, anti-reflection coatings, optical sensors, solar cells, transformer coolants, specialty glasses and coatings for anticorrosion materials and cleaning surfaces. Nonionic surfactants, alkyl phenol ethoxylates have wide industrial and domestic applications.