ABSTRACT

The steps involved in environmental sampling are: development of a sampling plan, including where and when samples will be collected and the number of samples required; collection of the samples; and preservation of samples during transportation and storage. Most regions which the authors wish to characterize by taking samples are dynamic to some extent, and show both spatial and temporal variation. One can plan for sample storage and shipping methods, and for sufficient laboratory facilities to ensure samples are analyzed before they become outdated. Different objectives require different sampling strategies. For example, if the objective is to measure the total release of heavy metals into a river by an industry, a 24-hour integrated sample may be taken. Sampling points are chosen using systematic, random, or judgmental sampling schemes. The strata in a stratified scheme do not necessarily have to be obviously different. An ideal approach for some environmental measurements is the installation of instrumentation to monitor levels of pollutants continuously.