ABSTRACT
This chapter introduces mode strategies to reduce mode effects through data collection design. The focus lies on reduction of mode-specific selection effects. The chapter summarizes the literature on mode combinations, and their effect on response rates, costs, nonresponse bias, and measurement error. Additionally, the literature on the order and timing of presenting modes is described. Subsequently, the chapter examines how and why NSIs around the world have operationalized their mode designs as they have, making use of two international inventories. In the second part of the chapter, communication strategies for increasing web response are discussed, focusing on ways to contact the respondent, and incentives that are used. A literature overview, illustrations from NSIs, and a series of experiments by Statistics Netherlands on these topics are described.
