ABSTRACT
The development of tools, anaesthesia and aseptic techniques permanently changed the landscape of surgery while modern advances in technology continue to revolutionise surgical practice worldwide. Minimally invasive techniques in surgery that expedite recovery and minimise morbidity are one of the major milestones in modern surgery. Perhaps the most noteworthy example of this is indeed laparoscopic surgery. Laparoscopic ‘keyhole’ surgery was introduced at the beginning of the 20th century by Dimitri Ott and German surgeon George Kelling who were the first to use it to evaluate the effects of pneumoperitoneum on dogs in 1901, and in 1910, published similar experimental work on human subjects. While minimally invasive surgery has radically changed the surgical landscape, it has inherent limitations related to finer manipulation and precision that can make operations with intricate steps or in difficult anatomical locations rather challenging. Surgery is facilitated through small incisions with high-resolution magnified vision.
