ABSTRACT
This chapter covers basic methods to measure the moments of the bunch distribution. The zeroth moment, the number of particles is measured with Faraday cups and charge transformers. The first moments are determined by beam position monitors and arrival time monitors. The second moments, the beam sizes, are determined with a number of devices, ranging from wire scanners to transverse deecting structures to measure the length of ultra-short bunches. Then, several of these basic methods are combined to determine the emittances and beta functions with quadrupole scans or multiple wire scanners. The chapter is rounded off by addressing special diagnostic topics, such as the analysis of data from turn-by-turn position monitors, the use of beam-beam deections to measure the luminosity, and the use of Schottky signals to determine tunes and chromaticities.
