ABSTRACT
Cosmic rays are overabundant in lithium, beryllium, and boron. The iron concentration agrees quite well with solar system composition, but there is an excess of elements just lighter than iron. The local cluster is in turn a part of the local super cluster with a scale of 30 to 50 megaparsecs centered on Virgo, approximately 20 megaparsecs away. The local supercluster has a large number of highly energetic radio galaxies which can certainly produce the required energy output for low energy cosmic rays. Direct acceleration assumes the existence of a strong electromagnetic field. The acceleration is fast, and is particularly applicable to systems such as pulsars with strong rotating magnetic fields producing an induced electromotive force. The newer range of techniques is based on atmospheric light emission. As ionizing particles in the extensive air showers traverse the atmosphere, they produce light in two ways: Cherenkov radiation and nitrogen scintillation.
