ABSTRACT
This chapter discusses employ basically explicit time integration of the particle characteristics. It considers one-dimensional, unmagnetized, homogeneous plasma of finite size particles allowing only electrostatic interactions. The chapter also considers the implicit simulation of the electromagnetic dynamics of plasmas. It explains the flexible method of the decentered Lorentz pusher and examines slower timescales; the characteristic spatial scales tend to be larger. One way to improve the behavior of the frequency is to replace the fully implicit acceleration in the equations of motion with a time averaged acceleration which approximately filters out high frequency responses. This method requires more memory and more computation, but has improved frequency filtering over the first-order accurate methods. The electric field used to accelerate the particles is a time-filtered electric field which contains time-advanced information. The Courant condition associated with the propagation of light waves is also removed by introducing time-filtered information into the field advance equations.
