ABSTRACT

Recent years have witnessed remarkable advances in the development of technology and its practical applications in the amelioration of neurological dysfunction. This encompasses a wide variety of disorders, and their treatment has been the purview of different, partially overlapping, medical and scientific specialties and societies. As a result of these advances, three somewhat independent and longstanding fields with unique origins — stereotactic and functional neurosurgery, neuromodulation, and functional electrical stimulation — are experiencing increasing convergence and overlap, and the distinctions separating them are beginning to blur.