ABSTRACT
“There is a lack of unifying principles in nonequilibrium statistical mechanics, compared to the equilibrium case. So it is not surprising that the fluctuation theorem has received a lot of attention.” To introduce the fluctuation theorem (FT), the authors focus on a specific nonequilibrium system consisting of a fluid subjected to shear. The fluctuation relations rapidly emerged as a promising tool to study biological objects and further our understanding of living systems. The fluctuation relations have then been used to study the impact of several biological processes, including mutations. The unfolding and refolding experiments are carried out by moving the optical trap. Finally, fluctuation relations can also provide insight into the stabilization associated with binding ions to biomolecules. Active matter emerged in recent years as an essentially new field in nonequilibrium statistical mechanics. Recent work has focused on extending the ABP model to include different interparticle interactions and particle geometries.
