ABSTRACT
Decision-making under conditions of uncertainty is an important and responsible activity, being the final step in the problem-solving process. In real-world practice, the entire process is fraught with uncertainty, with the degree of uncertainty having a significant impact on the risk involved in making the final decision. In the first part of the chapter, general concepts and principles related to the consideration of uncertainty in the problem-solving process are presented with particular emphasis on the decision-making stage. The second part is devoted to the same issues related to conditions of deep uncertainty. It has been proposed to use the concept of a digital twin to support the process of problem solving under deep uncertainty using an interactive dialogue system between a human expert, representing natural intelligence, and a cognitive digital twin, representing artificial intelligence. The last section of the chapter presents a framework for cognitive dependability based problem-solving in Cyber-Physical-Social Systems operating under deep uncertainty. The starting point for the development of this framework is a simplified model of a Cyber-Physical-Social System cognitive dependability, and a general model for solving operational problems under deep uncertainty based on the concept of cognitive dependability, which are presented in both graphic and descriptive form.
