ABSTRACT
Policy implementation theories provide a useful source of inspiration to look at the application of commercial models of water service provision as policy implementation theories largely encompass the interface of formulated policies with the practical everyday manifestation of those policies. Policy formulation and policy implementation are inevitably the result of interactions among a plurality of separate actors with separate interests, goals and strategies”. Policies may be changed at different levels, and during different times in the policy process or cycle. The stages heuristic makes it difficult to recognize and incorporate the participation of non-state actors in the policy process. Theories of policy translation provide such a conceptualization. The term translation indicates the conceptualization’s rejection of a simplistic causal linearity between policy formulation and implementation. The levels of policy are thus loosely connected, and an explicit focus on these connections suggests that there is equal room for contestation between domains as well as compliance among them.
