ABSTRACT
In this chapter, it is the effect of viscosity that will dominate the discussion, since it is this characteristic that differentiates so many aspects of real flows from ideal flows. Firstly, the concept of viscosity of fluids and the classic Reynolds’ experiment are described. This leads to the definition and meaning of laminar and turbulent flow and to introduce simple mathematical models of turbulence. The important topic of a boundary layer is then introduced and equations for boundary layer growth developed. Drag forces are then considered, including the effects of flow separation and surface roughness. Finally, the phenomenon of cavitation is introduced and its effects on hydraulic structures and machines described. Worked examples and problems for solution are also given in the text.
