ABSTRACT
The unpredictability of floods lead to uncertain and unequitable irrigation water supply due to low, high, and untimely flows into the irrigation system. The field survey differentiated between flood risk categories and the different measures used to cope with them, in particular, low flood strategy, high flood strategy flood, and untimely flood strategy. Traditional, improved-traditional and modernized spate irrigation systems could maintain flexibility if it was well planned and included in advance through exploring and implementing a number of real options/coping strategies that could serve under risky flood events. The research focused on flood risks such as high, low, and untimely floods and its impact on irrigation performance. Additionally, flood risk assessment approaches have been focusing only on urban system targeting protection of cities, towns and residential areas with high economic value. Another scientific contribution is that the spate irrigation has been less recognized in the literature of irrigation technologies compared to other technologies.
