ABSTRACT
Blood gas analysis provides information regarding potential primary and compensatory processes that affect the body's acid–base buffering system. Electrolyte disturbances are commonly associated with cardiovascular emergencies and may cause cardiac arrhythmias and cardiopulmonary arrest. Prompt recognition and immediate treatment of electrolyte disorders can prevent cardiac arrest. The potassium gradient across the cellular membrane is essential to maintain excitability of nerve and muscle cells, including the myocardium. Sodium is the most common intravascular cation. It has a major influence on serum osmolality and determines the volume of the extracellular fluid. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and essential for bone strength, neuromuscular function and a myriad of intracellular processes. Minor degrees of hypercalcaemia may be the first clue to an underlying diagnosis of malignancy or hyperparathyroidism. Magnesium is the second most abundant intracellular cation and essential for stabilizing excitable cellular membranes and facilitating the movement of calcium, potassium and sodium into and out of cells.
