ABSTRACT
Demand for a green environment forced a revolutionary change in the mobility sector: adoption of and adaptation to battery electric (BEVs), hybrid electric (HEVs) and fuel cell vehicles (FCVs). This chapter mainly addresses on the aspect of current ICE vehicles, their environmental consequences and need for alternative options. It also describes the basic principle of operations, components, systems and subsystems and various configurations of BEVs, HEVs and FCVs. Characteristics such as drive requirement, infrastructure adopted, limitations challenges. Along with this, recent advances in the field of electric, hybrid, and fuel cell–operated vehicles are discussed in sufficient detail.
