ABSTRACT
Analytical models are empirical, semi-empirical or entirely theoretical models for predicting x-ray spectra, that, unlike the Monte Carlo method, do not use random sampling. This chapter summarizes some landmark contributions from a century of developments and takes a closer look at some of the models. It begins with a discussion of Kramers’ seminal work of the 1920s and its historical context, continues with a summary of the theoretical and modelling developments of the next 50 years, and then moves on to a discussion of the analytical models developed since 1970, for both bremsstrahlung and characteristic emissions, including the empirical models. The text concludes with a brief comparison of the predictions of some of the models that have been highlighted in the chapter, including comparisons to measured and simulated data.
