ABSTRACT
Flies have adapted to habitats from the equator to the poles, including the extremes of the desert, thermal springs and the open sea. The habitat for the larval stages of flies is usually distinctly separated from that of the adult - they are rarely found in the same environment or utilizing the same food resource. Adult flies can explore new habitats by making use of their highly developed flying abilities, or by using their acute sense of smell and their large eyes. The completion of several populations in the garbage at dump sites would have placed a large number of adult house flies close to human habitation and with access to the feces of domesticated animals. The pest status of flies in the urban environment is based on several criteria. The annoyance or nuisance factor of flies is evident in the long tail switches and herding patterns of some large grazing animals.
