ABSTRACT
Various types of oxygenation hardware designs have been developed to suit specific purposes in biosystems. For example, oxygenation required in cell culture uses bioreactor hardware of various designs to take care of biosystem characteristics. The possibility of penetration of stationary liquid film at the gas-liquid interface by cells is reported, which suggested further that cells may concentrate on the interface owing to the surface activity of the cells. This encompasses the resistance between the bulk of the gas and the gas-liquid interface, and it gives a measure of stagnation that may occur inside the air bubbles. It extends from the gas-liquid interface into the bulk of the liquid, and naturewise it provides a measure of stagnation in the liquid around the bubbles. Thus, conventional and novel oxygenation bioreactors for microbial, mammalian, and plant cell culture systems possess several common and uncommon features.
