ABSTRACT
Conventional electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis (ESCA) is still often accomplished employing direct impingement of the relatively soft X-rays from their anode source onto the sample of interest. It is vital for the serious ESCA user to understand the ultra-high vacuum system in his/her spectrometer. All spectrometers should, at least, reveal the apparent asymmetry of these bands, and high-resolution systems should generate some of the d band structure readily detected with the Scienta ESCA and on synchrotron radiation systems. It is not uncommon for ESCA systems to be equipped with both procedures, permitting the use of the faster, high-intensity, moderate resolution in cases where sensitivity or resolution is not critical, with relatively easy conversion to a high-resolution/acute sensitivity monochromatic mode when these features are needed. All X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy monochromators are designed to employ just a segment of the total X-ray lines, and that segment never includes the X-ray satellites.
