ABSTRACT
Productivity improvement that is driven by population growth leads to higher rates of waste accumulation on Earth. The concept has been integrated into green productivity with the aim of handling problems associated with pollution and resource conservation. End-of-pipe treatment is one of the most common waste management methods. It is applied at the end of the production process and deals with by-products, with the aim of removing or transforming wastes emitted from the production process. Rather than avoiding or preventing waste generation, end-of-pipe treatment focuses on converting the exiting wastes into harmless substances, allowing for safe disposal that complies with environmental legislations. Among all other biological treatment methods, aerobic treatment is considered the most common and widely used process in the world. Using these principles, solid waste is confined to a minimum practical area, with the aim of reducing it to the smallest practical volume.
