ABSTRACT
This chapter covers expansion joints normally used in process equipment systems. A non-metallic fabric type is described briefly. Circular and rectangular shaped, and toroidal, flat, and U-type metallic joints are covered in detail including derivations of various stresses due to pressure and deflection loads. Equations for fatigue life and spring rate of the above-mentioned bellows are included based on codes and standards for reference. Illustrative examples are provided for U-type rectangular and circular metallic bellows for clarity. Equivalent axial expansion or contraction, which is required for calculating stresses and fatigue life due to all translation and rotational movements, is computed. Vibration problems in metallic bellows and their prevention practices are included.
