ABSTRACT
Carbon glass thermometers and ruthenium oxide thick film resistor can be used at cryogenic temperature. Thermoelectric cooling can generate both hot as well as cold temperature and that too in short-time duration. An adiabatic cooling of electronic system yields sub-milli Kelvin temperature. Light, a stream of photons, can transfer its momentum to atom under proper conditions and slows the speed of atom and hence lower the temperature. Range of temperature measurements required for physical measurements is really vast. Various fixed points are identified to determine the temperature scale. Temperature is measured by different thermometers based on altogether distinct physical law, which decide sensitivity and accuracy of thermometer. A number of spectacular discoveries such as superconductivity, superfluidity, and realization of Bose-Einstein condensation are manifestations of low temperature. Temperature measurements are carried out by examining the change in physical properties of the sensors as a function of temperature.
