ABSTRACT
Fleas are small, laterally flattened, wingless insects that are of great importance as vectors of disease in many parts of the world. In addition, they may cause irritation, blood loss, allergic reactions, and severe discomfort. The primary flea-transmitted diseases are plague (black death) and murine typhus. Plague, a zoonotic disease caused by the bacterium Yersinia pestis, has been associated with humans since recorded history, causing devastating effects on human civilization. The rickettsial disease, murine typhus, is characterized by headache, chills, prostration, fever, and general pains. There may be a macular rash, especially on the trunk. Flea control may be difficult, requiring both indoor and outdoor pesticide treatments, as well as on-animal products for pets.
