ABSTRACT
Sand flies are small and delicate bloodsucking flies in the insect family Psychodidae which may transmit the causative agents of bartonellosis (Carrión’s disease), sand fly fever, and leishmaniasis. Leishmaniasis is a hugely significant parasitic disease occurring in tropical and subtropical areas over much of the world, causing much morbidity and mortality annually. In fact, there has been a general resurgence of leishmaniasis worldwide; it is now found in at least 88 countries and is increasingly being reported in nonendemic areas. Although the most serious problems from sand flies occur in tropical countries, there are many species in temperate zones, as well. Because sand flies do not bite through clothing, long sleeves, trousers, and socks should be worn in areas where sand flies are active. In heavily infested areas, head nets, gloves, and repellent-treated net jackets and hoods can provide additional protection.
