AI is currently in its most exciting period ever. Several authors use the term AI Renaissance to delineate this fortunate trend. The parallel with the blossoming culture of 14th century Italy is somehow appropriate, because it characterizes a flour-ishing recovery that follows a dark period. AI had a troublesome history plagued by periodic negative phases known as AI winters. The current Renaissance age is almost entirely due to a family of algorithms called Deep Learning, which are briefly intro-duced here. There is no comparison between the current brilliant moment of AI and the previous Renaissance periods. This chapter gives a detailed analysis of this suc-cess, and it discusses the surprising difficulty in explaining why Deep Learning is so successful. Lastly, special focus is given to the case of artificial vision, in which Deep Learning is extremely successful. In the case of natural language processing, instead, Deep Learning has emerged later and slower.