ABSTRACT
Chapter 15 introduces the chemical thermodynamics that deals with the interrelation of heat and work with chemical reactions or with physical changes of state under the limitations of the laws of thermodynamics that applies mathematical methods to solve the chemical questions and evaluates various thermodynamic properties by using laboratory measurements. This chapter also presents the concepts of chemical potential and fugacity, Gibbs free energy, and chemical potential application to thermal radiation. It also covers the chemical potential of ideal Fermi–Dirac and Bose–Einstein gases, low-temperature behavior of physical systems, and Fermi and Bose low-temperature expansions. It elaborates the Gibbs inventions; i.e., the formation of the fundamental equation and introduction of chemical potential are the starting points that led to the development of chemical thermodynamics and showed the path to apply thermodynamics to materials science and engineering.
