ABSTRACT
In this chapter, titania nanotube arrays are synthesized electrochemically by anodization of titanium foils, and the synthesized titania nanotubes are then implanted with indium ions. The effect of In-ion implantation on the crystallization kinetics and phase transformations of anodized titania nanotubes is investigated using in situ high-temperature X-ray diffraction and synchrotron radiation diffraction from room temperature to 1000°C and are then characterized by field emission scanning electron microscopy and associated energy dispersive spectroscopy. The lattice deformation of both titania phases caused by the incorporation of foreign Indium dopants affects the lattice parameter for In-ion-implanted samples with temperature. The relatively difficult anatase-to-rutile transformation in the In-implanted titania nanotubes appears from an In-ion radius occupying the Ti sublattice substitutionally. It was concluded that In ions occupy the Ti sublattice substitutionally and then inhibit the anatase-to-rutile transformation.
